Rapid Warming Over East Antarctica Since the 1940s Caused by Increasing Influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Interdecadal Pacific Oscillations (IPO), and their phase relation with the Annular Mode (SAM) largely control Antarctic climate variability. The relative roles of these modes remain elusive, particularly in backdrop global warming. In this study, we present a seasonally resolved new ice core (IND33) record oxygen isotope (? 18 O) for past two centuries (1809–2013 CE) from coastal Dronning Maud Land (DML) to investigate role temperature variability trend. Our investigation based on combined available records DML region reveals that ?32% ? O is related late spring summer (Nov–Dec–Jan) rather than mean annual temperature. This indicates reconstructed could be biased toward months/seasons higher precipitation low-moderate wind speed, which are suitable better preservation signal. We have (1809–2019 at an resolution (1809–1993 recent ERA5 surface air (1994–2019 CE). anomaly significant cooling trend 19th century during 1809–1907 CE rate ?0.164 ± 0.045°C decade ?1 followed by warming mid-20th early 21st (1942–2019 +0.452 0.056°C . long-term since 1940s coincides increase ENSO events its strong antiphase SAM, suggesting increasing influence SAM–ENSO coupling modulating decades.